The Controversy Concerning The Ethics Of Human Cloning

Clones are humans. This statement embodies the crux of the controversy regarding the ethics of human cloning. If clones are humans, then they should receive the same rights as humans who were born ‘naturally’. But how do you determine humanity? The film Never Let Me Go (2010), based on Kazuo Ishiguro’s novel of the same name, helps answer the question â€Å"Should we clone?† by establishing that humanity is more than the way one enters the world and by highlighting the unethical issues that may arise from cloning. Never Let Me Go illustrates the humanity of the cloned characters - Kathy, Tommy, and Ruth - as they attempt to determine the roles they play in the world. The film begins by introducing the characters when they were children attending Hailsham School. Just like ‘normal’ children, they seek companionship from each other and in the process realize the complexities of their relationships with each other. Tommy, for instance, has difficulty relating to his peers. When he isn t picked to be a part of the soccer team and is told â€Å"Looks like no one wants you,† he expresses his frustration by throwing a tantrum. And just like ‘normal’ children, they derive happiness from the simple moments. Simple moments such as when Ruth fantasizes about owning five horses like Ruth or when Kathy listens to the music she received from her crush, Tommy. When they grow older and move from Hailsham to live in the cottages, the complexities increase. As the relationship b etweenShow MoreRelatedWhat Are the Ethical Issues of Human Cloning1463 Words   |  6 Pagesongoing controversy regarding the issue of human cloning in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia which have made attempts or have done research in reproductive cloning. Countries like Australia have prohibited human cloning in 2006. (NHMRC, 2007) Advocates who involve congress members, editorial writers, fertility specialists...and so on gave benefits of human cloning, yet not enough to justify the moral and ethical issues underlying the controversy. Human cloning refersRead More Embryonic Wars Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pages The specific objective of this major essay is to clarify and summarise the controversial debate concerning the ethical decency of embryonic cloning for therapeutic purposes. This is the form of cloning that is supposedly beneficial to a barrage of medical applications. We will identify the key opposing ethical perspectives such as those of the justification of embryonic research based on the normative theory of consequentialism. This paper will also probe into the relatively brief history of theRead MoreEssay on Cloning Informative Speech1597 Words   |  7 PagesCloning and Stem Cell Research S/P: To inform my audience about cloning and cell stem research. C/I: The benefits and ethical issues of cloning and cell stem research. Introduction Specific purpose: Today I’m going to inform you about â€Å"Cloning Technology and Stem Cell Research†. Attention getter: Imagine yourself dying from heart disease or liver failure, and the only way to live was to have an exact clone of your heartRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Embryonic Stem Cells958 Words   |  4 Pagesperform one specialized task. Contrary to these single job cells are stem cells. These cells are unspecialized and can morph and perform any task that is needed within the body. However, the way that stem cells are harvested has caused a lot of controversy. The way that the stem cells are taken destroys the embryo. We should support the recent decision to allow embryonic stem-cell research in the United States and federally fund the work to use these stem cells to cure diseases. Better stem cell researchRead MoreThe Ethics Of Human Cloning Essay1927 Words   |  8 Pagesis created, and this act of reproductive cloning is regarded with controversy; is it morally permissible, or is it morally grotesque. There are certain elements to consider when debating the ethics of human cloning. Leon Kass in his article â€Å"The Wisdom of Repugnance† contends that reproductive cloning is morally corrupt, describing it as offensive, repulsive, and repugnant, believing these terms to be commonly associated with regards to human cloning. Kass goes forth with his arguments byRead MoreStem Cell Research, Ethics And Policy Essay2393 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction Stem cell research and engineering is a widely disputed topic that often divides people in science, ethics, and religion. In order to fully understand the controversy surrounding this area of scientific research and discovery, one must be informed as to what stem cells are. In the article, â€Å"Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Research, Ethics and Policy†, stem cells are described as â€Å"primitive cells with the capacity to divide and give rise to more identical stem cells or to specialize andRead MoreCloning and Stem Cell Research2062 Words   |  9 PagesCory King ENG 120 Sec. 02 Spring 2002 March 15, 2002 Cloning, and Stem Cell Research Technology has advanced a great deal within the past few years. We have learned so much information about animals genes and what can be done with them. However, with this new information brings new questions and arguments. So far, scientists have successfully cloned a sheep, a monkey, a bull, and are working on an endangered breed of ox, of course cloning animals and conducting research on those animals doesRead MoreEmbryo Based Stem Cell Research1171 Words   |  5 Pages Embryo-based stem cell research The controversy concerning the ethical dilemma related to stem cell research rages on. One particular basis of this controversy emanates from the fact that embryonic stem cells research derives its stem cells from destroyed embryos. Stem cells are cells that are yet to be specialized into specific tissue that serves specific function in the organism. Some radical scientists have labeled these cells the building blocks of future medical and biotechnical researchRead More Cloning and Stem Cell Research Essay1992 Words   |  8 PagesCloning and Stem Cell Research   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology has advanced a great deal within the past few years. We have learned so much information about animals genes and what can be done with them. However, with this new information brings new questions and arguments. So far, scientists have successfully cloned a sheep, a monkey, a bull, and are working on an endangered breed of ox, of course cloning animals and conducting research on those animals does not concern many people. When people begin discussingRead More The Medical and Ethical Perspectives of Human Cloning Essay1807 Words   |  8 PagesPerspectives of Human Cloning      Ã‚  Ã‚   In our modern day world, the technology of genetic engineering and human cloning for the use of asexual reproduction has reached a point to where we must ask ourselves if it is a good practice for medical purposes, or if it presents issues of ethical and moral concern.   Human cloning is a very cmplex process; it is very multilayered in the promises and threats that are suggested by scientists (Kolata 8).   In the basic definition, cloning is accomplished by

The Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century

From the 18th to the 19th centuries, Britain was a far more developed country than any others in the world. There are more than one factor that made the Industrial Revolution happened first in Britain, some examples are: The Agricultural Revolution, the growth of population, The Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution, World Trading, and the Cottage Industry. With all those factors, it comes down to: What started the Industrial Revolution? The clothe industry was one of the big factor. Unlike modern day, clothe was used to be made by hand or through a cotton spinning wheel. It takes a lot of skills and time consuming for anyone to do so, to create clothing and then produce a large amount alone. However, as more population grew in England, more people demanded clothes. It was then in the 18th centuries, cotton labor was moved to a factory. Cotton was the most favored to use to make clothes because it was less expensive than silk. In 1733, James Kay developed an advanced weaving ma chine called â€Å"Flying Shuttle†. â€Å"The machine only came into general use in the 1760s—after decades of trial-and-error improvements—but once adopted, this first big invention in the textile industry doubled worker productivity: one adult weaver could accomplish the work of two† (Ashton). The Flying Shuttle was one of the big inventions that started the train of ideas for other inventors to create more and more advance technologies. With more and more weaving machine being created, the clothingShow MoreRelatedThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century1468 Words   |  6 Pages The industrial revolution began in the 18th and 19th centuries. During this time most people lived on farms or in small rural villages. Prior to the industrial revolution most manufacturing was done in homes using hand tools and simple basic machines. People lived where their daily existences revolved around farming. Life for the average person was difficult, as inco mes were meager, and malnourishment and disease were common. People produced the bulk of their own food, clothing, furniture and toolsRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century1521 Words   |  7 PagesThe Industrial Revolution was an important milestone in history and influenced almost every part of the standard of living. From the new discoveries in technology there became new jobs available, which presented new working conditions, and the middle class had a new outlook on life. During the 19th century, changes and new ideas formed what would advance the modern world, the shift from an agricultural and handmade economy to a machine and manufactured one (Judge 664). Goods like coal, iron, andRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century973 Words   |  4 Pages The industrial revolution was a time of urbanisation, social and technological change that took place during the 18th and 19th centuries. Economic growth changed the British peoples experiences in all aspects of their lives including how they worked and travelled. Although it was harsh period of time for millions of people, due to the working conditions, it was also an advantage as it was a world-changing period of time. Before the industrial revolution took place, people lived their lives in aRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century955 Words   |  4 PagesIn the late 18th and early 19th centuries Europe found itself dealing with vast changes in its way of life. The Industrial Revolution took Europeans from the rural countryside into the urban powerhouses as the continent experienced a sudden shift in everyday living, economic structure, and social hierarchy. This sudden change in how Europe was ran from an economic standpoint caused yet another rift between the proletariats and bourgeoisies. Life became difficult for the newly founded working classRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century2363 Words   |  10 PagesDuring the late 1800s and early 1900s, the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, and the working class worked tirelessly to produce products. Textiles were made faster and cheaper, food was more abundant, and the standard of living increased for many people. To industrialize Great Britain, laborers worked in factories and mills under horrible conditions. Despite attempts by Parliament to address problems with the factories’ working conditions through the passage of new legislation, theirRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century Essay1357 Words   |  6 PagesThe Industrial Revolution occurred in Britain from 1760 to 1840. During this time many people moved from farming areas to the city for work. Britain had three different classes, upper, middle and working/lower. These three classes had different living and working conditions. The lower class had the harshest conditions and punishments out of the three, they worked 12 hours a day and then went home to a crowded diseased ridden house late a night. The middle class actually benefitted from the revolutionRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century851 Words   |  4 Pagesand most crucial changes for today’s modern society was the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution brought many changes to the societies that experienced the process of industrialization. Some of the changes benefited society, while others caused harm to most of the society. Most affected by these changes was the working class of these societies. The Industrial Revolution that took place throughout the 18th and the 19th centuries had major effects which influenced every aspect of societyRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During Mid 19th Century843 Words   |  4 PagesWith the Industrial Revolution at its dawn during mid-19th century, England’s Northern towns and cities began to alter drastically as advances in science and technology were proceeding to reshape the world. Beyond just transforming the society and its culture; industry, technology, and commerce, as agents of reforming the old social order, brought an immense demand for the urbanization of towns and cities. Consequently, the cities of Northern England went through an architectural metamorphosis ofRead MoreThe First Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century Essay1889 Words   |  8 PagesFirst Industrial Revolution started prior to the 18th century in the 1700’s. The prior events that started up the industrial revolution began with some innovations that were very basic, but are key to the rise of the revolution. These were small hand tools, which had been created to work on houses/barns, live stalk, and so on. The most basic machines were invented in this time too, but giving the time for a revolution t o appear through these new ideas that had been created. The first Industrial RevolutionRead MoreA Brief Note On The Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century910 Words   |  4 Pages(Isolationism) During which of 1543-1616 Tokugawa Ieyasu isolated the island. In 1614 he dealt with the idea of Christianity he made it illegal. He deported all of the priest off the island. His grandson actually made it forbidden for any Japanese people from leaving the country as well as coming back to the country. He also made it forbidden for any western missionaries from coming back into the country as well. (Industrial revolution) The industrial revolution started in Britain in the 18th century. The The Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century The Industrial Revolution was an important milestone in history and influenced almost every part of the standard of living. From the new discoveries in technology there became new jobs available, which presented new working conditions, and the middle class had a new outlook on life. During the 19th century, changes and new ideas formed what would advance the modern world, the shift from an agricultural and handmade economy to a machine and manufactured one (Judge 664). Goods like coal, iron, and textiles, the discovery of electricity, railroads and the use of steel, are all part of what is referred to as the Industrial Revolution. â€Å"Steam engines furnish the means not only of their support but of their multiplication. They create a vast†¦show more content†¦The steam engine went on to power many other machines and lead to the great inventions of the Industrial Revolution era. â€Å"Great inventions are never, and great discoveries are seldom, the work of any one mind† (Thurston 3). The producing of textiles was becoming very popular and lead to become America s leading industry. Textiles mills popped up all over, mostly in the eastern states that were common for production because of the large number of streams the textile mills could easily get their power from. â€Å"One invention followed another, revolutionizing cloth production† (Frader 41). Textile mills grew more popular, which lead to the creation of other inventions like in 1813 Francis C. Lowell and Paul Moody created the power loom that took cotton and wove it into cloth. Lowell then took both the process of cotton producing and weaving and combined them together to make the production of clothes cheaper and more beneficial (Horn). Over time people made advancements in technology that helped produce better and more efficient products. The canal system was one of the first ways of transporting materials of bulk across the country. This lowered the cost of the cargo and stopped people from taking advantage of resources. By 1840 people were using thousands of miles of streams to shipShow MoreRelatedThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century1468 Words   |  6 Pages The industrial revolution began in the 18th and 19th centuries. During this time most people lived on farms or in small rural villages. Prior to the industrial revolution most manufacturing was done in homes using hand tools and simple basic machines. People lived where their daily existences revolved around farming. Life for the average person was difficult, as incomes were meager, and malnourishment and disease were common. People produced the bulk of their own food, clothing, furniture and toolsRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century973 Words   |  4 Pages The industrial revolution was a time of urbanisation, social and technological change that took place during the 18th and 19th centuries. Economic growth changed the British peoples experiences in all aspects of their lives including how they worked and travelled. Although it was harsh period of time for millions of people, due to the working conditions, it was also an advantage as it was a world-changing period of time. Before the industrial revolution took place, people lived their lives in aRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century955 Words   |  4 PagesIn the late 18th and early 19th centuries Europe found itself dealing with vast changes in its way of life. The Industrial Revolution took Europeans from the rural countryside into the urban powerhouses as the continent experienced a sudden shift in everyday living, economic structure, and social hierarchy. This sudden change in how Europe was ran from an economic standpoint caused yet another rift between the proletariats and bourgeoisies. Life became difficult for the newly founded working classRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century2363 Words   |  10 PagesDuring the late 1800s and early 1900s, the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, and the working class worked tirelessly to produce products. Textiles were made faster and cheaper, food was more abundant, and the standard of living increased for many people. To industrialize Great Britain, laborers worked in factories and mills under horrible conditions. Despite attempts by Parliament to address problems with the factories’ working conditions through the passage of new legislation, theirRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century1161 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the 18th to the 19th centuries, Britain was a far more developed country than any others in the world. There are more than one factor that made the Industrial Revolution happened first in Britain, some examples are: The Agri cultural Revolution, the growth of population, The Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution, World Trading, and the Cottage Industry. With all those factors, it comes down to: What started the Industrial Revolution? The clothe industry was one of the big factor. UnlikeRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century Essay1357 Words   |  6 PagesThe Industrial Revolution occurred in Britain from 1760 to 1840. During this time many people moved from farming areas to the city for work. Britain had three different classes, upper, middle and working/lower. These three classes had different living and working conditions. The lower class had the harshest conditions and punishments out of the three, they worked 12 hours a day and then went home to a crowded diseased ridden house late a night. The middle class actually benefitted from the revolutionRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century851 Words   |  4 Pagesand most crucial changes for today’s modern society was the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution brought many changes to the societies that experienced the process of industrialization. Some of the changes benefited society, while others caused harm to most of the society. Most affected by these changes was the working class of these societies. The Industrial Revolution that took place throughout the 18th and the 19th centuries had major effects which influenced every aspect of societyRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During Mid 19th Century843 Words   |  4 PagesWith the Industrial Revolution at its dawn during mid-19th century, England’s Northern towns and cities began to alter drastically as advances in science and technology were proceeding to reshape the world. Beyond just transforming the society and its culture; industry, technology, and commerce, as agents of reforming the old social order, brought an immense demand for the urbanization of towns and cities. Consequently, the cities of Northern England went through an architectural metamorphosis ofRead MoreThe First Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century Essay1889 Wor ds   |  8 PagesFirst Industrial Revolution started prior to the 18th century in the 1700’s. The prior events that started up the industrial revolution began with some innovations that were very basic, but are key to the rise of the revolution. These were small hand tools, which had been created to work on houses/barns, live stalk, and so on. The most basic machines were invented in this time too, but giving the time for a revolution to appear through these new ideas that had been created. The first Industrial RevolutionRead MoreA Brief Note On The Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century910 Words   |  4 Pages(Isolationism) During which of 1543-1616 Tokugawa Ieyasu isolated the island. In 1614 he dealt with the idea of Christianity he made it illegal. He deported all of the priest off the island. His grandson actually made it forbidden for any Japanese people from leaving the country as well as coming back to the country. He also made it forbidden for any western missionaries from coming back into the country as well. (Industrial revolution) The industrial revolution started in Britain in the 18th century. The

Criminal Law R v Keli Lane

Question: Write about theCriminal Lawfor R v Keli Lane. Answer: Section 18 of the New South Wales Consolidated Acts, defines Murder and manslaughter. Being charged with murder is considered very upsetting experience. However, it is of benefit for us to know what law has to say to this when you defend yourself in the court. Section 18 of the crimes Act states that a person can be said to have caused murder when the act of the person has caused the death of another person. Four situations have to be fulfilled under section 18 to cause a murder or to make the person guilty of murder. They are the following: There must an intention to cause death. There should be deliberate intention to cause serious body injuries which causes death of another person. When a person is aware of the fact that their actions will cause death. A person can also be charged with murder when another person dies while you are committing some other crime to them. For instance, if you kill someone while conducting sexual assault. This can lead to 25 years of imprisonment. The criminal act of manslaughter takes place when the person committing the actus reus in a homicide but does not have the needed elements of mens rea to apply the liability of the murder. Manslaughter is a single offence but is divided down into two categories and more sub-categories. The two categories are Voluntary and involuntary man slaughter. In this situation it is considered voluntary manslaughter. With the development of common law, manslaughter started to become residual category, which involves the homicide which lacks the high degree of culpability that lay down the elements of murder but lack in culpability. The two basic groups of man slaughter are differentiated in the common law, because they were regarded as one crime and had similar punishments. They are generally known as voluntary manslaughter and non-voluntary manslaughter. Voluntary manslaughter is considered to be serious crimes. The current statues have various formulas most of which depend on the understandings of the common law and refer to manslaughter even without trying to define it. The main element of a murder is homicide with the intention to kill a person, without realising the account the circumstances. The factors that decrease the fact that it is not homicide but murder is regarded as involuntary manslaughter. The conduct is then judged by a reasonable person, then law is considered which frames all the legal and rigid rules. An murder needs the existence of an intention being there to kill not only to cause serious bodily injuries, we can see this in the case of R v Grimwood (1962) 3 All ER 285 and in R v Walker and Hayles (1990) 90 Cr App R 226. Yours Truly, The difference[1] between murder and manslaughter, the prosecution must prove all the needed doubts. In the case, Woolmington (1935) the defendant[2] who had committed the offence had actus rea as well as mens rea that is the state for committing the crime. Murder has an intention to kill as well as causes serious injuries. Actus rea is considered with the intention to cause murder, and it should be unlawful being the main reason of murder. There should be some evidence to take legal action. Elements like blameworthiness, liability, and expectations the most suitable has to be focused on. R v Pagett (1983) talks of legal substances, when the defendant had not fired the gun that had killed his girlfriend. But he was still held liable for her death. Actions[3] do not have to be an individual cause of death as sometimes another persons act also contributes it should only be substantial and an operating cause of the death. The mens rea for murder is the mental state and an essential element that is the intention to kill or cause serious injuries. Such cases show us that although there was no intention to cause harm but he was aware of the risk relating to the harm being caused. This is considered as the most top level of mens rea where it differentiates the two areas of being direct and oblique. Direct intentions are those in which the defendant aims to achieve a goal and accomplishes it. Whereas, the oblique intention[4] arises when the defendant has some kind of purpose in his mind, and to achieve them does certain things that were not needed. We can explain this in Nedrick (1986) case; there are objective and subjective perspectives that have been highlighted in this case. The objective side is the offender saw the victims death[5] would happen and he was aware of the risk he was taking. The subjective[6] part was that the offender saw the death as a certainty. Although there was awareness regarding the possibleness of the injury being caused the offender had no intention to cause death or any serious injury. Thus, here the intention will be considered as oblique as there was no intention to kill anyone his intention was only to scare them. Another crucial element would be recklessness that is a serious risk, involving both the levels of subjective and objective. In case of subjective recklessness[7] the defendant is aware of the risk yet chooses to take the risk. And in objective recklessness is when the person is sensible enough to foresee the risk. Most of us are aware of the fact that murder and manslaughter are considered as different crimes. Where both have different subcategories, murder is either in the first degree or the second degree and manslaughter is voluntary or non-voluntary. Sometimes those who understand the difference between murder and manslaughter it becomes difficult for them to distinguish it. The most difficult is when they have to conceptualize between an unintentional second degree murder and involuntary manslaughter[8]. The Australian Law Reform Commission, in 2004 report, Partial Defences to Murder, in which it was laid down that the current law was termed as mess and was to be reviewed in relation to the law considering murder. Later it was decided that in such cases there will be review. Home Office Minister Fiona Mactaggart announced the terms that there has to be a comprehensive review in case of murder. It has been recommended that instead of the current two level structures[9] of these offenses like murder and man slaughter, there should be three level structures like: First degree murder Second degree[10] murder Manslaughter First degree murder is considered as unlawful killing and when committed has an intention to cause some serious harm where the offender is aware of his act. Second degree murder is when there in unlawful killing involved with the intention to cause harm, the killer had known of the risk he was taking. And manslaughter would consist of killing caused due to negligence[11] and with the intention of criminal act to cause harm to another person. The attorney general has asked the Law Reform Commission[12] to review as well as report to them matters such as defences and partial defences. These reports and reviews involved making background checks and researches, to take in to consideration how the defences work in Australian as well as other jurisdictions and as a part of the consultation process to discuss the options for the reform. Reference List Campbell, Jane. "Financial management for protected persons."Precedent (Sydney, NSW)133 (2016): 46. Chang, Esther, and John Daly.Transitions in nursing: Preparing for professional practice. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015. Chenoweth, Lynn, et al. "Attracting and retaining qualified nurses in aged and dementia care: outcomes from an Australian study."Journal of nursing management22.2 (2014): 234-247. Dahlen, Hannah G., et al. "Rates of obstetric intervention and associated perinatal mortality and morbidity among low-risk women giving birth in private and public hospitals in NSW (20002008): a linked data population-based cohort study."BMJ open4.5 (2014): e004551. Dobraszczyk, Caroline. "Criminal law: The'bail amendment act'2015."LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal3.2 (2016): 94. Etzioni, Ruth, et al. "A reality check for overdiagnosis estimates associated with breast cancer screening."Journal of the National Cancer Institute106.12 (2014): dju315. Jarvis, Scott. "Proposed Residential Building Development Bushfire Assessnient Compliance Report Lot 18/20/22 Section 2 DP 976580 3 Marinella Street Manly Vale NSW 2093." (2013). Parrish, Albert, ed.Mechanical engineer's reference book. Elsevier, 2014. Rana, Malay, et al. "Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis."Journal of clinical pathology(2014): jclinpath-2013. Robinson, Mark, and Jnana Gumbert. "Judicial review and the lifetime care and support scheme NSW."Precedent (Sydney, NSW)133 (2016): 18. Sinclair, Craig A., et al. "The role of public health advocacy in achieving an outright ban on commercial tanning beds in Australia."American journal of public health104.2 (2014): e7-e9.

Weight Loss Dieting Essays - Nutrition, Health, Obesity, Diets

Weight Loss Dieting Safe weight loss can only truly be achieved by a careful diet and exercise. For years there have been hundreds of gimmicks ranging from pills, soaps, drinks, and unconventional diet plans. Desperate to lose weight, people invest hundreds of dollars each year to gimmicks and diet plans that do not work. Although some of these products do produce temporary results, they are not always safe and the lost weight normally comes back. It is proven that the only way to lose weight and keep it off is by a healthy diet and exercise. One out of every three Americans is overweight. The most common reason for being overweight is a sedentary lifestyle, a life style of little activity, and overeating. In order to control weight, caloric intake should be monitored. In order to lose weight people must take in fewer calories then what is burned. Therefore, if more calories are taken into the body then those that are burned, the person will gain weight. The intake of fatty foods should also be monitored due to the fact that one pound of fat is equal to about 3,500 calories. Losing weight is a long and sometimes even difficult process. However, it does have benefits. Losing weight will raise self esteem and generally makes the person happier. Fitness helps people deal with strong emotions and stress. As a result, people who exercise have better mental health compared to those who do not exercise. Being in a better physical condition has a large impact on mental health and can help a person deal with everyday situations and problems. A healthy diet is a necessity in order to lose weight and keep it off. A diet should be maintained and part of everyday life. After a person loses their desirable amount of weight if they go back to their old eating habits the weight will come back. This is called weight cycling, and this can go on for years. Weight cycling is not healthy and can be discouraging. It is important that a well-rounded diet is maintained throughout the persons life. A healthy diet should consist of adequate amounts from the five basic food groups. Six to eleven servings of breads and grains should be consumed a day. Three to five servings from the vegetable group. Two to four servings from the fruit group. And two to three servings from the dairy and meat groups. The fats, oils, and sweets group should not be consumed often. These are empty calorie foods and consist of mainly sugar and very little nutrients. The other necessity in losing weight is exercise. There are two basic types of exercise, anaerobic and aerobic. Anaerobic consists of intense physical activity in which the body's supply of oxygen to make energy does not meet the demand. Aerobic exercise uses a constant supply of oxygen. With aerobic exercises heart rate increases and more oxygen is transported to muscles. If a person is looking to lose weight an aerobic exercise would be a better choice then an anaerobic exercise. An aerobic exercise should be done for twenty to thirty minutes without stopping. They should be done regularly, at least three to four times a week. This will help maintain body composition and total fitness. When picking exercises, they should be appropriate for the location that the person lives in and facilities and weather should be carefully considered. The person should make sure that the exercises they choose are enjoyable and effective. Aerobic exercises consist of a warm-up, the work out, and a cool down. Warm-ups consists of stretching or jogging, anything that raises the heart rate. The workout is an aerobic exercise which can be any activity that can be done briskly for twenty to thirty minutes, such as, running, swimming, jogging, or dancing. The cool down consists of lowering the heart rate. Following a brisk work out a person should do an activity less rigorous then the work out its self for approximately five minutes, and after that the person should stretch for another five minutes. When people start their exercise program, they may become discouraged because of what their scale says. Exercising builds muscle, and because muscle weighs more than fat your body weight may not go down. However, your body fat ratio is lower. In order to lose weight muscles must be built up because that is where calories are burned. Therefore, when people start exercise programs they need to realize that what the scale says is not important, it's the percent body fat. Through

Determining the Right Quantity of Food (Home Remedy) To Give a Diabetic Patient In Case Of a Hypoglycaemic Episode The WritePass Journal

Determining the Right Quantity of Food (Home Remedy) To Give a Diabetic Patient In Case Of a Hypoglycaemic Episode Introduction Determining the Right Quantity of Food (Home Remedy) To Give a Diabetic Patient In Case Of a Hypoglycaemic Episode ; Cryer, 2012; Frier, Schernthaner Heller, 2011; Yakubovich Gerstein, 2011, Heller, 2008). There are studies that have directly found links between hypoglycaemia and high mortality rates in diabetic patients and those that link it directly through other complications. According to Mccoy et al., (2012), severe hypoglycaemia has been associated with 3.4 times increased threat of death. This was a conclusion obtained from self-reports on hypoglycaemia. Additional information from patient-reported hypoglycaemia from hospitals could only mean that the risk is higher (Mccoy et al., 2012). Any health management officer would think of preventing hypoglycaemia so that this increased risk is reduced. One way of preventing it is through access to relevant information about its management. This proposed idea will contribute to the reduction of severe hypoglycaemic cases that may then lead to death. The same information about 3.4 fold risks is communicated in Cryer (2012). The study also indicates that hypoglycaemia is an impeding factor in the glycaemic management of diabetes. It damages the defences that can protect an individual from subsequent hypoglycaemia, therefore, causes recurrent hypoglycaemia. It causes morbidity in many with advanced type II diabetes and in most people with type I diabetes. It prohibits the maintenance of euglycemia and reduces the quality of life; the benefits of glycaemic control are never realized by the patient. Cryer (2012) also reviewed information from various reports about hypoglycaemia and found out that one in every ten or one in every twenty-five people with type I diabetes die from hypoglycaemia. It concluded that hypoglycaemia episodes need not to be life threatening for them to cause devastating effects (Cryer, 2012). This only emphasises the impact that this proposed innovation may have on diabetes patients. It has the potential of preventing any devastating effects, including death. Hypoglycaemia also has other health effects, for example, the effect on the cardio -vascular system, which in turn contributes to increased mortality. According to Frier, Schernthaner and Heller (2011), hypoglycaemia cause hemodynamic changes such as peripheral systolic blood pressure, and increased heart rate, reduced peripheral arterial resistance, a fall in central blood pressure and increased stroke volume, myocardial contractility and cardiac output. If such high work load finds an already weakened heart, like the ones found in type II diabetic patients with coronary heart disease, dangerous consequences should be expected. Hypoglycaemia has also been associated with abnormal electrical activity in the heart, therefore, has high chances of causing sudden death (Frier, Schernthaner Heller, 2011; Yakubovich Gerstein, 2011). All these evidences support the importance of preventing hypoglycaemia, at all levels. Prevention or good maintenance of blood glucose levels can enhance the quality of life. Risks and Benefits of the Innovation Provision of the leaflets is a way of providing high-quality information recommended for self-care and helps in decision-making. In this case, there will be a variety of fast-acting carbohydrates with the right quantities. A patient may get tired of taking non-diet soda all the time, and decide on other options such as fruit juice, glucose tablets, and honey. The leaflets will improve: health literacy, clinical decision making, patient safety, care experience, self-care, service development, and access to health advice for both the patient and the family members (Greenwood, 2002). Research evidence has shown that chronic conditions cause anxiety, but understanding of the condition and how to manage and treat it improves the ability of the patient to cope with the condition or to recover from it. It is for this reason that the leaflets with information on what to take when attacked by an episode of hypoglycaemia are very important for diabetic patients. Patient information leaflets merge information (Lowry, 2005). The leaflets also act as health promotion devices and will assist nurses in their health education and promotional activities (Greenwood, 2002). This innovation has other advantages, such as they contain information relevant for the individual, ensure consistency of information, are cheap and easy to produce and can be easily updated. This proposed innovation would also allow readers to work through their own pace. According to Lowry (2005), they provide the carer and the patient with a focus for shared knowledge and discussion, and can also be used as a resource to healthcare organizations for informing their new staff members. In order to ensure that the leaflets have specific information specific to an individual patient, it will make use of a structure that allows for a variety of options to be included. Disadvantages of Leaflets Some are usually produced for general issues, therefore not individualised. This may be a problem to diabetic patients who need special attention or have specific restrictions when it comes to taking some fast acting carbohydrates. Some may be allergic to some foods. This may not be a problem in this case since the leaflet will provide a variety of food and their quantities. The leaflets can remain unused unless those they are meant for are motivated to use them. In the case of managing hypoglycaemia among diabetic patients, for those who do not suffer hypoglycaemia, these leaflets may remain unused. To avoid this problem, here will be monitoring of the use of the leaflets (Lowry, 2005). The leaflets may do more harm than good if they are badly produced. There are specific recommendations on how to produce a health information leaflet. If the leaflets are, for example, produced in a manner that can lead to the misconception of information, they may not achieve their aims as expected (Lowry, 2005). This will be avoided by a series of tests with the draft leaflet to ensure they are not misunderstood. Leaflets can be lost or misplaced easily. A proposed idea to eliminate this is to encourage the users to stick some of them on walls where they can easily be seen and have others in their bags, or wallets. Those that require professional attention may take longer to update and may also be costly. It needs some groundwork done before the resource is developed. As in the case of the proposed leaflet, there will be the groundwork needed to determine those with diabetes in the community, the number of the patients, and complications that they suffer. Groundwork will also find out about the family members around, their current self-care practices, and other important information that can inform the development of this health promotional resource (Lowry, 2005). Potential Resources Needed to Implement the Innovation A research study will be conducted on the community to find out the number of people with diabetes, what they know about hypoglycaemia and how they currently manage the episodes. There is also need to prepare for an education program for these people and their family members on how to manage such episodes and get the neighbours, and friends involved. One can experience a hypoglycaemic episode unexpectedly and can need help. It is important to know how to relay relevant information, and quick to the person that the patient may seek help. Resources needed, therefore, are; Field researchers or interviewers Health educators or just nurses Financial resources to undertake the research and educational program activities The innovation development and implementation have about five main stages. There is the planning stage, the writing stage, conducting final checks, the consultation, and finally the distribution stage. Planning This is the initial preparation stage where the leaflet developer will consider the kind of information he or she will need, and for what purpose, the kind of resources, needed and the people who will be involved. It will entail identification of those who will be involved and how each of them will be involved, for example, the research will need interviewers who will seek specific information from the patients. The person has to state why specific information is needed from a clinician, patient or carers. It is while planning that the individual should review all relevant and available information from relevant sources, for example, the NHS, peer-reviewed journal articles and Diabetes associations. He or she should also think of distribution methods, for example, if the leaflets will be given to the patients directly, placed on the rack where they can easily be accessed, emailed, or even just posted (NHS, 2008). Writing This stage involves writing down patient information and assessing its effects. One can look for recommended frameworks to guide the development of patient information. With the evidence from previously conducted research, the leaflet should contain the right information and should be easy to read. It involves a series of writing and testing until the right product is finally produced. When assessing readability, the developer can check the draft against leaflet development guidelines, and then check with team members, and maybe members of the public. When assessing whether it is good for patients, the developer can test it on people who are not familiar with the condition. The draft can also be checked by clinicians, patient support groups, experts, to confirm that it is right for the targeted patients (NHS, 2008). Conducting Final Checks Whatever is to be done in this stage depends on the contents in the leaflet and the purpose of producing such leaflets. In this proposed innovation, the leaflets are meant to improve patient self-care. Final checks may include confirming the patients’ and family members’ numbers and checking if the information conflicts with other information from influential and reliable health sources (NHS, 2008). Consultation In this stage, the draft is given to the patients and interested groups for feedback. Changes can be made depending on the responses received from the parties (NHS, 2008). Distribution This stage is all about identifying the right distribution strategies in relation to the aim of developing the leaflets. For example, if the leaflets are meant for improving self-care, the healthcare professional will have to think of how these leaflets will reach the targeted patients. The perfect method is to deliver each leaflet to each patient and family members after consultation with them, and educating them on its benefits. They should also be informed about the whole project of improving health care delivery. The stage also involves monitoring to identify how the information is used, and if there is a need for any improvements (NHS, 2008). Additional resources that will be needed are; writing materials, human resource for distribution, and financial resources for distribution and other project activities such as testing the leaflet draft.   Implementation Difficulties There are no current implementation difficulties except for finding adequate resources to conduct the research in the community and identify the patients. It may also be difficult to convince all diabetes patients to come to educational programs on how to manage hypoglycaemia alongside the management of diabetes. According to the NHS guideline, the best approach is educating the patients and their families on a one-on-one basis, but this is expensive and time consuming. It may depend on the patients visit to the hospitals, which is an unsure way of reaching the patients. Leadership and Management Skills Needed The leadership and management skills belong to one category of management which is; project management. Under this category, these skills can again be classified under technical project management skills, general management skills, and leadership skills (Hallows, 2002). Technical project management skills are such as project planning and execution skills. Planning skills gives one the ability gather and assess information for estimates, identify dependencies, develop a work breakdown structure, assign and level resources, and analyse the risks among other abilities. Project execution skills give one the ability to develop estimates at completion, gather and evaluate data, prepare meaningful reports, and monitor the progress of the project (Hallows, 2002). These technical skills are very important for planning and execution of the proposed project. Project leadership skills involve managing the expectations and relationships of the participants. Hallows (2002) indicates that project m anagement leadership requires the ability to engage the main stakeholders involved in the project in each phase. An example, is, in the planning stage, the project manager has to get all the relevant departments involved, and any other parties that will be involved. Like in the leaflet development case, the project manager has to find a way of engaging the patients, the carers, family members and the health care organization supporting or sponsoring the project. The project manager can decide when it is necessary to share ideas, and the communication strategy that is necessary for attainment of the objectives of the project (Hallows, 2002). The project manager of this proposed project should have the ability to convince others about the benefits of the project, and explain the value of their roles. General management skills are such as; the ability to listen, delegate, goal setting, time management, communications, negotiation, and meeting management. There is also the need for huma n resource management skills. Project planning and implementation will require people to perform different duties. The performance of the project depends on the employees activities, without good management skills, the outcome of the project may be affected negatively (Hallows, 2002). References Ali, Z. H. (2011). Health and Knowledge Progress among Diabetic Patients after Implementation of a Nursing Care Program Based on their Profile. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism, 2:121. Boughton, B. (2011). Patients with Diabetes Lack Knowledge about Hypoglycemia. Medscape Medical News. Retrieved from: medscape.com/viewarticle/740881 Briscoe, V. J. and Davis, S. N. (2006). Hypoglycemia in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Management. Clinical Diabetes, 24 (3): 115-121. Cryer, P. E. (2012). Severe Hypoglycemia Predicts Mortality in Diabetes, Diabetes Care. 35(9): 1814-1816. Fonseca, V. (2010). Diabetes: Improving Patient Care. New York: Oxford University Press. Frier, B. M., Heller, S. and McCrimmon, R. (2013). Hypoglycaemia in Clinical Diabetes. (3rd Ed.). West Sussex, UK: John Wiley Sons. Frier, B. M., Schernthaner, G. and Heller, S. R. (2011). Hypoglycemia and Cardiovascular Risks. Diabetes Care, 34(2): S132-S137. Greenwood, J. (2002). Employing a Range of Methods to meet Patient Information Needs. Nursing Times. Retrieved from: nursingtimes.net/employing-a-range-of-methods-to-meet-patient-information-needs/200054.article. Hallows, J. E. (2002). The Project Management Office Toolkit. New York: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Heller, S. (2008). Sudden Death and Hypoglycaemia. Diabetic Hypoglycemia, 1(2): 2-7. Kalra, S., Mukherjee,J. J., Venkataraman, S., Bantwal, G., Shaikh, S., Saboo, B., Das, A. K. and Ramachandran, A. (2013). Hypoglycemia: The Neglected Complication. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 17(5): 819–834. Lowry, M. (2005). Knowledge that Reduces Anxiety: Creating patient information leaflets. Professional Nurse, 10 (5): 318-320. Mccoy, R. G.,   Van Houten, H. K., Ziegenfuss, J. Y., Shah, N. D., Wermers, R. A. and Smith, S. (2012). Increased Mortality of Patients With Diabetes Reporting Severe Hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care. 35(9):1897-1901. NHS. (2008). Quality and Service Improvement Tools. Retrieved from: institute.nhs.uk/quality_and_service_improvement_tools/quality_and_service_improvement_tools/patient_information.html Onwudiwe, N. C., Mullins, C. D., Winston, R. A., Shaya, F. T., Pradel, F. G., Laird, A. and Saunders, E. (2011). Barriers to Self-management of Diabetes: A qualitative Study among Low-income Minority Diabetics. Ethnicity Disease, 21: 27-32. Werner, J. (2013). Diabetic Status, Glycaemic Control Mortality in Critically Ill Patients. ESICM News. Retrieved from: esicm.org/news-article/Article-review-ESICM-NEXT-Diabetic-status-Glycaemic-Control-Mortality-WERNER. Yakubovich, N.   and Gerstein, H. C. (2011). Serious Cardiovascular Outcomes in Diabetes: The Role of Hypoglycemia. Circulation, 123: 342-348.

Letting fear fuel you taking risks for great rewards

Letting fear fuel you taking risks for great rewards Terry Barclay, CEO of Inforum–one of the leading professional women’s associations in the country, shares some deceivingly simple advice about taking risks. If you’re dissatisfied with your position and your place, there’s no sense in letting a fear of failure stop you from pursuing new opportunities. [Source: Daily Fuel]

Understanding Stem Cells Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Understanding Stem Cells - Research Paper Example There are, moreover, ethical issues the stem cell raised that research studies, including the destructive human embryo research and human cloning, while trying to address the alternatives that are available to solve the immoral issues. The ethical issues that have been raised by studies reveal how the society needs to view stem cells in a way that respects the human dignity. Stem Cell Definition The body of a human being is made up of several different cells. Some of these cells include: bone cells, skin cells, muscle cells, and blood cells. These different body cells have specific shapes and each of them plays different roles in the human body. These cells can also be referred to as differentiated cells since they play several varied functions in the human body. In addition, these specialized cells can be characterized by their lifespan, which is a period of time within which they become old, stop dividing themselves and finally â€Å"die†. Moreover, when these cells divide t hemselves, they cause daughter cells that resemble their own type (Tremain, 2010). This further implies that in case of a skin cell, it can produce another skin cell, a muscle cell can produce another muscle cell; they are like the original parent cells. Human bodies are therefore made up of trillions of differentiated cells. Apart from the differentiated cells, the human body also has stem cells that are scarce. Unlike the differentiated cells, the stem cells are not specialized for certain functions and are, thus, called undifferentiated cells. These cells are immortal and they can divide themselves and continue growing as long they are kept in a suitable environment, such as in the laboratory as they receive the required nutrients. Stem cells in the other case can divide and cause... Stem cells are the basic building blocks of the human body. They are more so vital to the human body since they can change and become different cell types. Scientists, moreover, claim that the stem cell research would enable them to learn more about reproduction, cell biology, and the stem cell knowledge would be vital in testing of drugs, and development. There are, thus, three types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and foetal stem cells. The stem cells have been recognized in the animal and human tissues (Ikemoto, 2009). Although it is not possible to replace somebody’s parts such as a leg or finger, it is, however, imminent that the human body usually regenerates blood, skin, and other body tissues. Some past research has brought about some knowledge that somebody’s cells allow the human body tissues to regenerate. This was possible through the existence of stem cells in the body of human beings. Physicians would be able to repair damaged cells through the stem cells' ability to create the body specialized cell types (Tremain, 2010). One would, however, ask what stem cells are? Why would scientists want to research on stem cells and yet they bring about a lot of controversy? And what can be done to bring about ethics in destructive human research? This paper tries to answer these questions based on stem cell research. The scientists that are involved in stem cell research have often been surprised by the opposition they are receiving from the public concerning their work.

Assessment for Taxation Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assessment for Taxation Law - Assignment Example A lump sum is subjected to tax on the extent to which it is quantifiable and identifiable as representing reimbursement of income loss. In this case, we shall analyze cases related to this scenario, and try to relate the extent to which the damage that was paid to Nutra Tech Pty Ltd is assessable for tax purpose. Cases and judgments In McLaurin v FCT, the court resolved a case that involved payment of lump sum amount, paid as damages caused by a bush fire on the taxpayers grazing property. 1 This lump sum was a collection of particular items of damage, which were not clearly disclosed to the taxpayer. The court ruled that the distribution was in order after analyzing the details of the case. The decision in this case supported dissection of a payment into several heads and classify some as income and others as non-income, given that the payments is in relation to separate claims, some of which must be liquidated (Nethercott, Devos, & Richardson, 2010). In Van den Berghs Ltd v Clark,2 the judge distinguished capital from income through two tests. One test aimed at establishing whether the contract was part of a fixed framework, that the capital belonged. The other test was to establish whether the contract was purely supplementary to profit-making or a crucial part of the process itself. In this case, the taxpayer entered a contract with a Dutch company, but the contract was terminated and Van den Berghs paid ?450,000 as damages for cancellation of the agreement. The judges held that this amount was capital in nature, since Van den Berghs gave up its right under the agreement. In addition, it was argued that the agreement which was canceled was not commercial in nature, but only affected the manner in which profit-making activities were run. Furthermore, examination of the company’s circumstances exposed that the contract stood for the permanent framework that Van den Berghs run its trade (Nethercott, Devos, & Richardson, 2010). The case of Californian Oi l Products (In Lia) v FC is also related to capital and revenue income. The case was concerned with a taxpayer, who entered into an agreement with a foreign company, which accorded it rights to dispense its oil products in Australia. 3As a result, the oil company terminated the contract and compensated California Oil for the termination. The court ruled that the amount paid as damages for termination of the contract involved ditching a fundamental sole business; hence, the compensation was of a capital nature. In FC of T v CSR, it was decided that capital gain tax provisions, were applicable if the taxpayer obtained a lump sum in exchange of damages for breach of contract. In regard to Income Tax Assessment Act, 118-20, which is related to CGT taxing powers relationships to the rest of the provisions, the capital gain would be reduced if the amount was assessable income, as stipulated in sections 20-25(4) (CCH Australia Limited, 2009). Application of the cases To establish whether t he damage received by Nutra Tech Pty Ltd is of capital or income nature, it is important to consider whether the terminated agreement, which was related to consultancy services, was associated to its profit-making activities. If Nutra Tech Pty Ltd could be able to obtain another contract to replace the terminated one, then it can be held that the agreement did not obstruct Nutra Tech Pty Ltd’s profit-making act

Should college athletes be paid Essay Example for Free

Should college athletes be paid Essay Should College Athletes be Paid? Maybe it was the annual spectacle of March Madness and the fact that UCONN came out of nowhere as an underdog to win their 3rd national NCAA men’s basketball title. Maybe it was the excitement of watching the UCONN football team playing in its first ever BCS Bowl against Oklahoma last year. Whatever he reason, the media and sports critics always ignite a fresh debate over the merits of paying college athletes for their services to the schools. Over the past few months, PBS, ESPN and HBO each aired major specials and documentaries on the relative injustices or justice – deepening our your view of the current college Division 1 (D1) system that allows amateur players to generate billions (that is correct, billions) in revenue each year for their respective schools and the NCAA organization, but prohibits them from receiving a dime of it or any compensation that might be offered from other sources deemed private or public. Coaches can sign multimillion-dollar contracts, endorse products, and rake in lucrative speaking fees. Is this fair? Are we being ethical and righteousness treating young and innocent individuals in this matter? Should we as a society allow these individuals to be taken advantaged in this matter? These are just a few questions many people ask, and the answers are not clear-cut as one might think. To pay or not to pay? The question everyone asks every year since the explosion of D1 College sports over the past couple of decades. The debate over the pros and cons in paying college athletes won’t end until changes are made or someone does something about the current system. My goal throughout this paper will be to present and clarify some of these arguments and why someone could make changes amendable to everyone involved. I will focus my arguments and debate on three major issues. (1) Should we pay students athletes and how much should they be paid? (2) How would they get paid and the challenges in managing this process, can the schools afford it? (3) And finally, what ethical issues, if any, would this pose to our schools and society at large? In conclusion, I will share my opinion and recommendation on what should be done to address this ongoing dispute. My discussion through out this paper will focus on  the â€Å"Primetime† college sports programs in the NCAA; Men’s College Basketball and College Football. As these two sports represent virtually the face of the NCAA and college sports on TV and to the public. While the other college sports are as important to student athletes and schools, they don’t drive the same level of viewing power and revenue numbers for the NCAA and their respective schools. In my opinion college is suppose to be a place you go to earn an education an d determine your future career. Although many college athletes are going to the school that offers them the most money potential at the next level of their carriers, paying the athletes based on their current star power or future potential could have the potential to turn the entire college arena into a bidding war. You would stop seeing athletes go to a place because of tradition or loyalty, but instead to whom would pay them the most money. This in turn would kill the magic of college sports and the purity of the game. Where only a few large schools would have enough capital and buying power to buy the top performing and premier student athletes. If this would to happen, the Butler Bulldogs would have never made it to the NCAA College Basketball finals against UCONN just this past May, as Butler could never compete with the deep pockets of schools like Duke, Syracuse, UCONN, and Georgetown, just to name a few. You may also see free agency enter college sports. Although they would have to sit a year, what would stop players from jumping universities because of money? It would dramatically change the college sport world, as we know it today. Butler again comes to mind, as most of their top athletes would jump ship to another school after they finished 2nd in the 2010 NCCA finals, in the hope of getting more money. In the long run, paying college athletes will make it ok to pay non professional athletes and thus you could then see high schools develop the same principles. If you are paying a player at the college level because they bring in money, then Bloomfield High, New Britain high and other dominant high schools would do the same, and you then re-create the problems I already mentioned. While the arguments above raise good concerns, I do have some major issues with college athletes not getting paid as well. If an ordinary student receives a grant or scholarship based on their intellectual power of monetary limitations, then its perfectly legal for the student to get a job while in college and use that money for whatever they want. Ive seen this happen. One of my friends in college got a $50K  scholarship to Northeastern; no strings attached (except for keeping up the GPA), paid tuition with that money, and then used his talents after schools hours to become an independent contractor whil e still attending school. He made enough money on the side to buy a used car in cash and pay for a couple of spring break vacations and a few other â€Å"luxuries† currently unavailable to college athletes. While college athletes get free room, board, books, tuition and fees covered by the scholarship, they don’t have the luxury or option to earn extra money for additional expenses (car, travel, vacation, nice dinner, etc.) as they spend most if not all of their time practicing or traveling when outside the classroom, limiting the amount of time they have to find any part time job. On the other hand, they are plenty of non-athletic students in college who have an equally difficult time having a normative college experience because the job that they do work is used to cover the enormous expense of room, board, books, tuition and fees. Furthermore, many of those non-athlete students have to take on mounds and mounds of debt to be able to afford the very things the athletes are given. I bet more than a few of them would gladly give up their play money for the chance to finish college without being $100-150k in the hole. That being said, I am convinced that student athletes deserve t he same opportunity regular students have. They should have the opportunity to earn additional money to cover expenses currently covered by their parents, friends family or bank loans. Do I feel that the players should be paid some amount of money to pay for additional expenses? Yes. The amount of money these kids generate is in the Billions and they get nothing (monetary) in return, as if these athletes use college as the tool that it is, then they should at least be getting an education. However, it does not make sense for college players to have no money and barely able to get by, while someone makes a substantial amount of money off their talents. However, the payment should be controlled and limited to a defined amount. More on this a little later. In the past, Maryland’s head basketball coach Gary Williams made a public statement in which he denounced the present system of not paying athletes. His proposal was to give those players in revenue-producing sports a stipend of $200/month. While I agree with Mr. Williams approach and argument, I disagree with the payment amount and structure. In my opinion his argument makes perfect sense and achieves a realist solution. He  points out that college athletics – specifically basketball and football are making a fortune for the NCAA, the schools, the coaches, the staff and filtering down to just about everyone else in the athletic department and sometimes even to other parts of the school. However, not a c ent is being given to those who are actually providing the product on the court and field. You know, the product that we love to watch and talk about during water breaks in the office, the product that creates so much exhilaration every weekend to millions of people across the US and world! Again, I realize the argument is that they are being given free housing and a free scholarship, etc. The problem is that there isn’t another kid at the school that has to have a life based upon $0 extra income to buy what he wants. As I mentioned above, these individuals don’t have the time to work and earn extra money, so they will be tempted to take some extra cash or a trip or a meal at a fancy restaurant from a â€Å"friend† or â€Å"acutance†. Who wouldn’t be? And there lies the problem. The student athletes under the current system will always be faced with the hard decision not to break the rules and laws, which honestly, other students don’t have to deal with. As I pointed out before and Williams makes the same point, regular kids are allowed to receive living expenses and spending money as part of financial aid from family, friends or even strangers. Since athletes cannot, they are clearly being discriminated against. The student athlete might bring thousands if not millions of dollars to the school and more importantly the NCAA in one way or the other, but how much does any other student bring to the school? In addition to the moral argument of making students paid employees of the school while attending school, there’s the cost argument. Can the NCAA and schools really afford it? The answer might surprise and shock you at the same time. The NCAA negotiated an $11 Billion (with a B) deal for the 2011 NCAA tournament. Not the regular season, just the tournament – and that’s just NCAA basketball. Doing some analysis show that, there are 346 Division One schools in basketball. If each one of them has 13 players, that’s 4,498 players. Divide $11 Billion by 4,498 and you get†¦ over $2 million per player! These figures clearly indicate that both the NCAA and schools could afford to pay the students athletes some monetary figure, more on that later. Clearly the argument is no longer about money! Or is it? Between 2004 and 2010, fewer than 7 percent of all Division I sports programs  generated positive net revenue, according to NCAA data. Fewer than 12 percent of all Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) schools — 14 out of 120 — did so in fiscal year 2009. For that matter, the NCAA reports that only 50 percent to 60 percent of FBS football and basketball programs make money. In other word s, a significant chunk of top-level FBS programs are losing money. Should those programs be obliged to pay their football and basketball players, even though they aren’t actually producing a net profit. Paying student athletes large sums of money based on their natural ability would destroy the college sports, as we know it today and potential drive schools out of business into bankruptcy. Obviously a large majority of D-1 schools can’t afford to pay students athletes even if it was legal today. So, where’s the money going? As I mentioned before, the NCAA is signing record deals with the networks, shouldn’t that money go back to the schools? Nobody can answer this question with certainty, but one thing is clear, the NCAA could afford to compensate the student athletes, based on their current revenue streams. My recommended solution will address this disparity in D-1 schools and their ability to lash out money to pay student athletes. Indeed, with many coaches and college experts, the biggest problem with paying players isnt a money issue. Its the legal and structural chaos that would result. In an interview with PBSs Frontline that aired a few weeks back, NCAA president Mark Emmert said it would be utterly unacceptable to convert students into employees. Emmert had reason to be adamant. What happens when college athletes become employees? Can they collectively bargain? Can they strike? Do injured players receive workmans comp? Are players at state schools eligible for subsequent retirement benefits? Do only football and mens basketball players receive salaries? Should a star point guard earn more than a third-string center? Should an All-American quarterback earn more than his entire offensive line? Who decides and who controls all of these decisions? The NCAA? The School? Since student athletes are prohibited in gathering any additional money, the NCAA is making efforts to help support the future of college sports by helping to funnel $750 million over 11 years into funds strictly designed to benefit these athletes. This money is ideally going to be used by the NCAA to help fund student-athletes who are looking for clothing, emergency travel, educational and medical expenses, personal needs and also a injury  insurance. Even though this is a very nice touch by the NCAA organization, it however does not address the real issue of allowing college athletes in earning money, which can be used a the discretion of the student-athlete. Until that day comes, the future student-athletes have a lot of hard work, dedication and lessons to be learned from before they are all worthy enough of being able to accept salaries for their individual efforts. It is a fact that since its birth, the NCAA has grown into a multi-billion dollar industry and some experts feel college athletes should begin to benefit financially from the large revenues. The NCAA brought in more than a billion dollars more than what the NBA generated globally in the 2009-10 season, according to the most recent estimate from Forbes. One of the biggest revenue-creating sports a part of the NCAA today is college football that has come a long way since the establishment of the Harvard, Yale and Princeton football association. Recently in the last five years a few football teams have financially stood out amongst their competitors in the NCAA. NCAA players, coaches and officials constantly argue for the paying of student-athletes because for them the primary reason for massive profit earnings is due to the thanks of the hard work of their student-athletes. College athletes are constantly seeing their jersey numbers on the racks of their campus bookstores but instead of seeing any of the profits all they see is their coaches racking in multi-million dollar contracts year after year. In total there are 119 Division I-A football teams competing in the NCAA today and out of those a reported 42 of those team’s coaches received more than $1 million salaries, at least nine receiving more than $2 million. In Basketball, the University of Connecticut last year signed a 5-year contract with coach Jim Calhoun worth approximately $11M – including speaking and media fees. This is one of the biggest reasons why players argue for their own salary incomes due to the financial successes of their own coaches and seeing them living extravagant lifestyles. Meanwhile, would each salaried player on a given team be paid the same amount? If not, who would decide whether the All-American linebacker deserved more money than the All-American wide receiver, or whether Kemba Walker was more valuable than the star power forward, Jeremy Lamb. Would 18-year-olds be negotiating â€Å"contracts† with officials in their athletic department? Would they be hiring agents before high-school graduation? And how would all this affect  those sports programs that depend on football and basketball revenue to stay afloat? To pose an discuss these questions is to realize that paying college athletes merit salaries based on their â€Å"book value† is simply unrealistic and unfeasible. Still, the current NCAA rules are deeply flawed, and many players are indeed being ex ploited. Let’s face it: Big-time college football and basketball basically function as minor-league systems for the NFL and the NBA, respectively, while creating massive profits for everyone except the athletes. Scholarships are financially valuable, sure. But according to many experts, the average scholarship falls about $5,000 short of covering an athlete’s â€Å"essential† college expenses. Closing that gap — My proposed solution would address the majority of these concerns, if not completely eliminate them. Many experts have reach a determination that college sports have already effectively become professionalized. Given the N.C.A.A.’s abandonment of standard honored amateur principles, many experts argued, that there’s not a good enough reason preventing athletes from engaging in the same entrepreneurial activities as their celebrity coaches. Big-time college athletes should be able to endorse products, get paid for speaking engagements and be compensated for the use of their likenesses on licensed products. After all, aren’t non-athlete students allowed to go on a TV show like â€Å"MTV SpringBreak† and receive money for their appearances and efforts? If non-athletes students are a llowed, why can’t students athletes appear on ESPN shows and get paid for it? They should! They should be allowed to also negotiate an actual contract with the N.B.A. as part of a final project in a finance class, and have an agent from the day they decide to. In the past few years, the NCAA has cracked down on players taking illegal benefits from â€Å"agents and boosters†. USC was under two years of probation for the Reggie Bush affair. Cecil Newton openly shopped his son around to SEC schools. And just a few months back, the University of Connecticut was found guilty and punished by the NCAA for violating its rules and laws. Schools, coaches and athletes decide to take these risks and break the rules because they know what’s a stake, millions and millions of dollars. All of these things are clearly against NCAA rules, but how fair are the rules? We all know how much money colleges bring in off of the hard work of these kids, and we all know what its like to be young and poor. Should college football players be paid or at least allowed to accept benefits? After long  hours of research, deliberation and studying both sides of the argument in paying student athletes for their services to the NCAA and respective schools, I came up with the following recommendations. Frist and foremost, student athletes should continue to receive scholarships from their schools with the same benefits as they receive today. I also think that we should not pay large salaries to these athletes based on their personal ability or star potential as it would turn college into even more of a business and less of an academic institution. Furthermore if would open the floodgates for paying athletes very large sums of money. It has been said again and again; more money more pr oblems. However, I also believe that it is unfair for these athletes not to receive anything for the services they provide to their schools which yield millions and millions of dollars in profits, prestige recognition and increase in student enrollments, all very positive for the school’s bottom line. In my opinion, students’ athletes should receive from the NCAA NOT their schools a yearly payment (for all 4 years) equal to the average school annual tuition amount– in other words, take all D1 schools, average out the full tuition across all schools and make that the payment to every school athlete. This money would come from the lucrative contracts the NCAA signs with TV networks, clothing companies, etc. While in some cases this represents more income than what students could need, it would eliminate calculating complex and unfair student payments, and give student athletes additional spending money. It would also avoid any student athlete from choosing one school over the other because of this payment, as it would be the same independent of what school they eventually select. This approach would also eliminate the fact that a majority of D-1 schools have a negative balance sheet and realistically can’t afford to pay any student athlete’s salaries. If not else, it certainly would be a great deterrent for the vast majority of otherwise good players, but not ready to jump to the NFL or NBA early.

Roman Medicine Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Romans used both scientific and mythological methods in their medicine. By adopting the methods of Greek medicine; the Romans obtained a solid foundation. They copied Hippocrates, who separated the study of medicine from philosophy and had an overall approach to the health of humans. Hippocrates also observed the habits and environment of humans to accurately determine illnesses and discover treatments. The Romans adapted the Hippocratic method and combined it with mythical and religious views. The Romans used Greek methods, and also included prayers and offerings to the gods. Although all gods had healing powers, Aesculapius, the god of healing, was the most important. Unlike today, the Ancient Roman doctors received no respect, because they were considered to be fraudilant. This reputation was caused by the doctors magical tricks, and the lack of useful treatments. The job required minimal training, as they only had to apprentice with their senior. Thus, many free slaves and people who had failed at everything else filled this profession. Some did try to find new remedies; however, others used medicine to con people. Public surgeries were done to attract audiences as an advertisement. Doctors would even become beauticians providing perfumes, cosmetics, and even hairdressing. When wives wanted their husbands gone, they would say,  ¡Ã‚ §put the patient out of his misery ¡Ã‚ ¨ and the doctors would be the murderers. However, as wars began to break out, there were improvements bec...

Property Right Security in Russian Deprivatization Essay

The impact that the prospects of deprivatization have on investment by managers of privatized firms is that these managers will come to a realization that additional investments are prone to more risks in respect to the potential payback. In this situation, the time frame for returns on investments is shortened immensely. The uncertainty stems from the longer time frame, which results in managers hesitating from entering as a private firm. If this notion of deprivatization is upholded upon organizations, the owners will potentially lose any gains they may possess. The effect that deprivatization will have on foreign investments in Russia is that foreign financiers will comprehend the political risks of deprivatization in Russia is vital to the success of many organizations. They will be tentative to make capital investments in Russian businesses because there will be no security that there will be any return, regardless of how prosperous the prospect may seem to be. Deprivatization would primarily be for foreign private business owners considering they can take their profits and send them back to their home countries. For the most part, the Russian economy would behoove having some deprivatization influenced businesses and industries. From an overall standpoint and point of view, Russia has benefited with the movement of a free market but consequently would hinder the underprivileged population if the amount of supply were not readily available. â€Å"Free market economy under centralized political control is the most effective way for these countries† (EconomyWatch, 2010). When one is questioning the beneficiaries of political and economic decisions, the first ones to benefit from this would be the family and friends of these politicians. Also many workers will become at an advantage because since deprivatization creates openings in positions once held by other owners, these positions, once deprivatized, become readily available to be occupied. People they know and people they surround themselves with such as family, friends and such often fill these positions. The ones that would lose in a deprivatization firm are normally the foreign investors that are affiliated. Immediate losers in deprivatization efforts are usually foreign investors. If more people are hurt by deprivatization than helped, the local politicians would support such a policy because they would want to portray an image that shows they know what they are doing and what they are doing is in the best interest of the people. More often than not, when a political figure makes a mistake or does something that is not in the best interest of the people admitting to their mistake is by far the last thing they will do. This would make them seem weak and unknowledgeable. Adversely, they will embrace their mistake and make it part of what they intended to do from the beginning. â€Å"Economic decisions in a market system are decentralized to individuals who are likely to have the relevant specific knowledge† (Brickley, Smith, Zimmerman, 2009). References Brickley, J.A., Smith, C.W., & Zimmerman, J.L. (2009). Managerial economics and Organizational architecture (5th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill/Irwin. EconomyWatch (2010). Advantages of Market Economy. Retrieved from http://www.economywatch.com/market-economy/advantages-market- economy.html

Feminism present in “The Yellow Wall Paper” & “Girl” Essay

Gender equality has been a prevalent theme writer’s use to deliver their own personal views on the female role in society. This is the case in both â€Å"Girl† by Jamaica Kincaid and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gillman. Kincaid and Gillman use their works to present a feminist approach on women’s roles and societal standings in their respective eras. Feminism can be defined as a diverse collection of social theories, moral philosophies and political movements, fundamentally motivated by/ concerning the experiences of women. These experiences have a tendency to revolve around women’s social, political and economic standings. As a social movement, feminism mainly focuses on limiting or eliminating gender inequality and promoting women’s rights, interests’ and issue in society. Feminist literary criticism is literary criticism informed by feminist theory or by the politics of feminism more broadly. Its history has been broad and varied. Kincaid and Gillman are two of many writers whose works adopt this criticism as a way in which to discuss their respected lives pertaining to the view and treatment of women by their societies. In the most common and simple terms, feminist literary criticism before the 1970s (in the first and second waves of feminism) was concerned with the politics of women’s authorship and the representation of women’s condition within literature, this includes the depiction of fictional female characters. The father or in this case the mother of feminist literary criticism, is â€Å"Jane Eyre† written by Charlotte Bronte in 1847. Jane Eyre follows the emotions and experiences of its eponymous character, including her growth to adulthood and her love for Mr. Rochester. The novel contains elements of social criticism, with a resilient sense of morality at its core, but is nonetheless a novel many consider ahead of its time given the individ ualistic character of Jane and the novel’s exploration of classism, sexuality, religion and feminism. In its internalization of the action, the story revolves around the gradual unfolding of Jane’s moral and spiritual awareness and all events are colored by a heightened intensity that were previously confined to poetry. Bronte’s story allows her to be labeled â€Å"the first historian of the private consciousness† and the literary ancestor of Jamaica Kincaid. Jamaica Kincaid-Girl Jamaica Kincaid was born Elaine Potter Richardson in 1949 in Antigua, in the British West Indies, but changed her  name when she started writing because her family disliked her career choice. Her simple change of her name and having to operate under an alias provides and insight to Kincaid’s life. Her family disliking her choice of career gives a suggestion to the societal perception of a woman’s role. Women in society in the 1970s were only beginning to find their voice and Richardson’s family’s disapproval of her career choice, proposes the idea that socie ty were still not comfortable with the newly found voice women had. Jamaica Kincaid’s â€Å"Girl† can be analyzed from a Feminist perspective like Jane Eyre as it also revolves around a young girl’s interaction with her mother. Upon closer examination, the reader sees that the text is a string of images that are the cultural practices and moral principles that a Caribbean woman is passing along to her young daughter. Jamaica Kincaid has taken common advice that daughters are constantly hearing from their mothers and tied them into a series of commands that a mother uses to prevent her daughter from turning into â€Å"the slut that she is so bent on becoming† (Kincaid 23). But they are more than commands; the phrases are a mother’s way of insuring that her daughter has the tools that she needs to survive as an adult. The fact that the mother takes the time to train the daughter in the proper ways for a lady to act in their culture is indicative of their familial love; the fact that there are so many rules and moral p rinciples that are being passed to the daughter indicates that mother and daughter spend a lot of time together. The story is written in the second person point of view, in which the reader is the girl and the speaker (perceived to be her mother) is passing on her interpretation as to what a girl should be. Jeanette Martinez, an English Literature major studying at NYE notes in a paper â€Å"Analyzing ‘Girl’ from a feminist perspective†: â€Å"the diction degrades women; the word â€Å"slut† is used to describe a girl that does not conduct herself like a â€Å"proper† lady.† This is an interesting way in which to observe the diction used by Kincaid. The term â€Å"slut† is used as a negative comparison in which the mother in the story fears her daughter will become. Kincaid using the term â€Å"slut† takes a step in the wrong direction where feminism is concerned. The inclusion of the word and the sexual connotations attached draws attention to women being seen as depraved of morals if they are promiscuous. This word takes attention away from the real message and goal of feminism; equality amongst men and women. Reducing a woman to being  debauched purely on the premise of sexual immorality, takes respect away from women as their moral fiber is not taken into consideration. Martinez then proceeds to discuss how the tone and style of the text can be seen as being â€Å"reflective of Kincaid’s own social stand point.† Martinez states, â€Å"The tone is commanding; we see a repetitive â€Å"this is how† throughout the short story. The style of the short story is in lines, which allows each line to be a command. For example: â€Å"This is how you smile to someone you don’t like too much; This is how you smile at someone you don’t like at all; This is how you smile to someone you like completely’† (Kincaid 24).† The tone and short, sharp manner in which Kincaid decides to communicate the life instructions, is representative of the voice of society and the harsh ways in which it tries to control and impart wisdom/ teachings. The final paragraph is integral to understanding this story from a feminist perspective. Kincaid states; â€Å"But what if the baker won’t let me feel the bread? you mean to say that after all you are really going to be the kind of woman who the baker won’t let near the bread?†. This interaction is essential to understanding and indicating Kincaid’s attempts to comment on her society. This excerpt can be interpreted as the mother challenging the girl’s morals. Kincaid uses this instead, to challenge the girl’s strength as a person. It is seemingly ironic that a mother has harshly demanded the young girl to learn all the mother’s habits and methods, not giving the girl much of a word in any of her decisions. This is Kincaid’s ways to speak directly to her audience and say â€Å"how can the voices of society order women and girls alike to act a certain way without giving them the strength to make these decisions themselves?† Kincaid ultimately uses her story to tell women ‘strength is learned through experience, not instruction.’ The Yellow Wallpaper The Yellow Wallpaper is a feminist text, telling a story about a woman’s struggles against male-centric thinking and societal ‘norms’. The text may be unclear to the reader who is unfamiliar with Gilman’s politics and personal biography, yet, it impresses any reader with the immature treatment of the main character, who remains nameless in the text. To the casual reader, the story is one of a good-meaning, but oppressive husband who drives his wife mad in an attempt to help her, but it story illustrates how established procedures of behavior could have distressing effects on the  women o f Gilman’s time, regardless of the intentions of the source. By late 20th century standards, the behavior of John, the husband, seems unnervingly inappropriate and restrictive, but was considered quite normal in the 19th century. After learning of Gilman’s life, and by reading her commentary and other works, one can readily see that The Yellow Wallpaper has a definite agenda in its quasi-autobiographical style. As revealed in Elaine Hedges’ forward from the Heath Anthology of American Literature, Gilman had a distressed life; because of the choices she had made which disrupted common conventions—from her ‘abandonment’ of her child to her amicable divorce. Knowing that Gilman was a controversial figure for her day, and after reading her other works, it is easy to see more of her feminist suggestions in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† She carefully crafted her sentences and metaphors to instill a picture of vivid and disturbing male oppression. Her descriptions of the house recall a past era; she refers to i t as an ‘ancestral hall’ (Gillman 648) and goes on to give a gothic description of the estate. She falls just short of setting the scene for a ghost story. The reference to old things and the past can be seen as a reference to out-dated practices and treatment of women, as she considers the future to hold more equality. By setting the story in this tone, Gilman alludes to practices of oppression that, in her mind, should be relegated to the past. Charlotte Gillman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and Jamaica Kincaid’s â€Å"Girl† are both great examples of feminism being represented in literature. A feminist text states the author’s agenda for women in society as they relate to oppression by a male-controlled power structure and the consequent creation of social ‘standards’ and ‘protocols’. Kincaid and Gillman’s tales respectively, are outstanding examples of this and are great tales in which the writers point out deficiencies in society regarding equal opportunity. Both texts are used by the writers to discuss their respected lives pertaining to the view and treatment of women by their societies.

Free Essays on Stupidity Is A Normal Phenomenon

"...of the many individuals of any species which are periodically born, but a small number can survive. I have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful is preserved, by the term Natural Selection . . . " Charles Darwin, M.A., 1859 Not long ago, my brother and I were driving down Main St. on a Friday night. We were pulled over by a police officer. The officer had time only to ask us for our drivers licences and registration, before we heard the sickening crunch of twisted metal. It seemed that a young man, who was driving a lifted Ford pickup, had been mesmerized by the flashing red and blue lights on the patrol car. Failing to look where he was going, he crashed into the rear of the four door car stopped at the light. It was obvious that he was rubber necking, and paying more attention to us than the road. With a frustrated growl, the police officer let us go. As we drove away, we saw the young man standing outside his vehicle wearing a foolish grin, shrugging his shoulders as the police officer spoke to him. I sat, amazed at the sheer stupidity of the driver, and his amusement in a situation that should be somber, or at least serious. I read an article about two years ago in which a U.S. Marines plane, on a low-level flying mission in Italy, cut the wire supporting a cable car on its way down from a ski resort on Cermis Mountain. All twenty passengers, including the cable car operator, perished when the gondola plunged to the mountain below. Each of the four men manning the plane was initially charged with negligent homicide and involuntary manslaughter, but only the two men actually flying the plane were court martialed. Over the course of the trial, it was found that the plane was flying at speeds more than 500 miles per hour, faster than military regulations allow. Additionally, it came out in the trial that the military-issued map that the pilots were using did not show the cabl... Free Essays on Stupidity Is A Normal Phenomenon Free Essays on Stupidity Is A Normal Phenomenon "...of the many individuals of any species which are periodically born, but a small number can survive. I have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful is preserved, by the term Natural Selection . . . " Charles Darwin, M.A., 1859 Not long ago, my brother and I were driving down Main St. on a Friday night. We were pulled over by a police officer. The officer had time only to ask us for our drivers licences and registration, before we heard the sickening crunch of twisted metal. It seemed that a young man, who was driving a lifted Ford pickup, had been mesmerized by the flashing red and blue lights on the patrol car. Failing to look where he was going, he crashed into the rear of the four door car stopped at the light. It was obvious that he was rubber necking, and paying more attention to us than the road. With a frustrated growl, the police officer let us go. As we drove away, we saw the young man standing outside his vehicle wearing a foolish grin, shrugging his shoulders as the police officer spoke to him. I sat, amazed at the sheer stupidity of the driver, and his amusement in a situation that should be somber, or at least serious. I read an article about two years ago in which a U.S. Marines plane, on a low-level flying mission in Italy, cut the wire supporting a cable car on its way down from a ski resort on Cermis Mountain. All twenty passengers, including the cable car operator, perished when the gondola plunged to the mountain below. Each of the four men manning the plane was initially charged with negligent homicide and involuntary manslaughter, but only the two men actually flying the plane were court martialed. Over the course of the trial, it was found that the plane was flying at speeds more than 500 miles per hour, faster than military regulations allow. Additionally, it came out in the trial that the military-issued map that the pilots were using did not show the cabl...